Individual change in rejection of equal opportunities for foreigners among adolescents and young adults in Switzerland: Testing realistic conflict theory from a dynamic perspective.

This study's objective is to test one of the key theoretical orientations in the literature on intergroup relations, realistic conflict theory, from a dynamic perspective. In this study, we focus on adolescents who are, according to the 'impressionable years'-hypothesis, most likely to change in their rejection of equal opportunities. Realistic conflict theory is applied in a dynamic way by taking into account economic characteristics related to the adolescent and the household. We employ Swiss panel data covering the period 1999-2017, containing information of both adolescents and the household they live in. Results demonstrate that there is relatively little variation within adolescents in rejection of equal opportunities for foreigners. Despite of using a broad range of characteristics related to adolescents' as well as the household's economic situation, the changes that do occur within individuals could hardly be explained by those economic changes. Socialisation theories on direct parental influences appeared to better explain changes in rejection of equal opportunities.

Identity Matters for Well-Being: The Longitudinal Associations Between Identity Processes and Well-Being in Adolescents with Different Cultural Backgrounds.

Adolescents' identity processes and their levels of well-being are likely to be intertwined. On the one hand, how adolescents cope with the core developmental task of forming their identity has important implications for their well-being. On the other hand, experiencing a condition of well-being can help adolescents consolidate their identity. This longitudinal study adopted a multidimensional and culturally sensitive perspective to unravel how identity processes (i.e., commitment, in-depth exploration, and reconsideration of commitment) in two domains (i.e., educational and interpersonal identity) were developmentally related to multiple indicators of positive well-being (i.e., physical health, subjective, psychological, and social well-being) in adolescents with different cultural backgrounds. Participants were 1396 adolescents (Mage = 15.73, SDage = 1.23, 49.93% females; 20.89% with a migrant background) who completed questionnaires at four-time points across one year. Results of cross-lagged models confirmed the positive reciprocal associations between identity commitment and well-being in all its facets. The nuanced picture of associations of in-depth exploration and reconsideration of commitment with multiple dimensions of well-being highlighted the importance of adopting a multi-dimensional perspective on well-being and a domain-specific approach to identity. Multigroup analyses indicated that the associations between identity commitment in the educational domain and well-being are relevant, especially for adolescents with a migrant background. Overall, this study highlights the centrality of identity processes for adolescents' adaptation and points to a dynamic loop of reciprocal influences at the core of youth positive development.

Intersubjetividad y Violencia en la Adolescencia: Análisis de relatos con el Algoritmo David Liberman. Parte I Deseos / Inter-Subjectivity and Violence in Adolescence: Analysis of Narratives Using the David Liberman Algorithm. Part I: Desires

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, desde una perspectiva intersubjetiva, los deseos predominantes en los relatos de un adolescente violento y su madre en una sesión vincular. El Algoritmo David Liberman-ADL es el método utilizado, focalizando en un aporte novedoso transmitido por Maldavsky que permite una diferenciación entre los relatos centrados en terceros y los relatos centrados en el propio narrador. En relación con la intersubjetividad, el análisis de los deseos en una sesión vincular permitió detectar que en el vínculo que han podido establecer el adolescente y su madre a lo largo de su vida predominan situaciones de carencia y de vulnerabilidad psicosocial que se manifiesta en un conflicto patógeno en relación con la endogamia-exogamia ante la imposibilidad del logro psíquico del desasimiento de la autoridad parental. El adolescente realiza una salida fallida de su casa a través de conductas agresivas hacia sus pares en un contexto de riesgo, lo cual retroalimenta el temor materno e intensifica el control hacia su hijo. Si bien se observa que la madre intenta ejercer un rol adecuado, aún no puede preguntarse por el deseo de su hijo que se manifiesta en esa actitud oscilante entre abúlica y agresiva AU

The objective of this article is to analyze, from an intersubjective perspective, the predominant desires within the narratives of a violent teenager and his mother during a therapeutic session. The David Liberman Algorithm (ADL) is the method employed, focusing on a novel contribution introduced by Maldavsky that enables differentiation between narratives centered on third parties and those centered on the narrator themself. In the context of intersubjectivity, the analysisof desires within this therapeutic session reveals that the relationship between the adolescent and his mother has been marked by situations of deficiency and psychosocial vulnerability throughout their lives. This is manifested in a pathogenic conflict related to endogamy-exogamy concerning the unattainable psychological detachment from parental authority. The adolescent attempts an unsuccessful departure from his home through aggressive behavior towards peers in a high-risk environment, which, in turn, exacerbates his mother's fears and intensifies her control over her son. Although it is evident that the mother is trying to assume an appropriate role, she is still unable to explore her son's desires, as demonstrated by his oscillation between apathy andaggression AU

A Compreensão da Intersubjetividade Entre um Adolescente Suicida e seus Pais Através da Combinação de Métodos na Análise do Discurso / La Comprensión dela intersubjetividadentre un adolescente suicida y sus padres mediante la combinación de métodos en el análisis del discurso / Understanding Intersubjectivity Between a Suicidal Adolescent and His Parents Through the Combination of Methods in Discourse Analysis

Trata-se de um recorte de pesquisa de doutorado em que se intencionou estudar o vínculo intersubjetivo familiar em um adolescente com histórico de tentativa de suicídio, pautando-se nos desejos e defesas. Utilizou-se a combinação de três instrumentos (ADL-AH, ADL-R e o Genograma) para a análise do discurso. Após exame individual dos dados apontados por cada instrumento, realizou-se asanálises comparativas. Inicialmente, confrontou-se os resultados do ADL-AH com o ADL-R conforme a descrição do caso. Em seguida, o Genograma propiciou o entendimento intergeracional da família estudada, confirmou aspectos já levantados e elucidou pontos dos quais o ADL não poderia ter alcançado, embora esse último tenha encontrado discrepâncias no discurso, isto é, aquilo que se pretendia disfarçar ou esconder de forma consciente ou inconsciente. A combinaçãodos três instrumentos trouxe consistência para a investigação no sentido de uma melhor compreensão da intersubjetividade do adolescente, sua família e do comportamento suicida AU

Este es un extracto de una investigación doctoral que tuvo como objetivo estudiar el vínculo familiar intersubjetivo en un adolescente con antecedentes de intento de suicidio, basado en deseos y defensas. Para el análisis del discurso se utilizó una combinación de tres instrumentos (ADL-AH, ADL-R y Genograma). Luego de examinar individualmente los datos indicados por cada instrumento, se realizaron comparaciones. Inicialmente se confrontaran los resultados del ADL-AH con el ADL-R según la descripción del caso. Luego, el Genograma proporcionó una comprensión intergeneracional de la familia estudiada, confirmó aspectos ya planteados y aclaró puntos que la ADL no podría haber logrado, aunque este último tenga encontrado discrepancias en el discurso, es decir, lo que se pretendía disfrazar u ocultar consciente o inconscientemente. Esta combinación aportó consistencia a la investigación y con ella fue posible tener una mejor comprensión de la intersubjetividad, del adolescente, su familia y la conducta suicida AU

Violência doméstica e seu impacto emocional sobre o adolescente: um estudo de revisão / Domestic violence and its emotional impact on adolescents: a review study / La violencia doméstica y su impacto emocional en los adolescentes: un estudio de revisión

Considerando a violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes como um problema social e de saúde pública que atinge milhares de famílias de todas as partes do mundo, o objetivo desta revisão de literatura é compreender o impacto emocional da violência doméstica na vida de adolescentes. Foram sele-cionados artigos científicos delimitados pelos descritores "domestic violence", "adolescent" e "emotional impact", nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, nas bases de dados Scielo, PsycINFO (APA) e Pubmed. Incluímos artigos empíricos avaliados por pares publicados nos últimos dez anos (2010- 2020). A partir da análise crítica dos 14 estudos selecionados identificamos que o impacto emocional da violência doméstica é resultado de uma complexa inte-ração entre fatores culturais, sociais, familiares e emocionais. De modo geral, o jovem vitimado apresenta sintomas depressivos, ansiedade e autoestima diminuída, a qual se revela por crenças negativas sobre si e sobre o mundo. Compreendemos a sintomatologia dos jovens como uma estratégia de sobre-vivência psíquica em ambientes familiares invasivos e negligentes quanto às suas necessidades físicas e emocionais. Concluímos pela necessidade de inter-venções preventivas e interventivas que objetivem tanto o bem estar de crianças e adolescentes quanto a oferta de um cuidado parental suficientemente bom. (AU)

Considering domestic violence against children and adolescents as a social and public health problem affecting thousands of families all over the world, the objective of this literature review is to understand the emotional impact of domestic violence on the lives of adolescents. Scientific articles delimited by the descriptors "domestic violence", "adolescent" and "emotional impact" were selected, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, in the Scielo, PsycINFO (APA) and Pubmed databases. We include peer- reviewed empirical articles published in the last ten years (2010-2020). Based on a critical analysis of 14 selected studies, we identified that the emotional impact of domestic violence is the result of a complex interaction between cultural, social, family and emotional factors. In general, the victimized youth presents depressive symptoms, anxiety and reduced self-esteem, which is revealed in negative beliefs about themselves and about the world. We understand the symptoms of young people as a psychic survival strategy in invasive family environments that neglect their physical and emotional needs. We conclude that there is a need for preventive and interventive actions aiming both at the well-being of children and adolescents and at offering a sufficiently good parental care.(AU)

Considerando la violencia intrafamiliar contra la niñez y adolescencia como un problema social y de salud pública afectando a miles de familias del mundo, el objetivo de esta revisión de literatura es comprender su impacto emocional en la vida de los adolescentes. Se seleccionaron artículos científicos delimitados por los descriptores "violencia doméstica", "adolescente" y "impacto emocional", en portugués, inglés y español, en las bases de datos Scielo, PsycINFO (APA) y Pubmed. Incluimos artículos empíricos revisados por pares publicados en los últimos diez años (2010-2020). A partir de un análisis crítico de 14 estudios seleccionados, identificamos que el impacto emocional de la violencia doméstica es el resultado de una interacción compleja entre factores culturales, sociales, familiares y emocionales. En general, el joven victimizado presenta síntomas depresivos, ansiedad y disminución de la autoestima, lo que se manifiesta en creencias negativas sobre sí mismos y el mundo. Entendemos los síntomas de los jóvenes como una estrategia de supervivencia psíquica en entornos familiares invasivos que descuidan sus necesidades físicas y emocionales. Concluimos que existe necesidad de intervenciones preventivas y intervencio-nistas apuntando tanto al bienestar de los niños y adolescentes como a ofrecer un cuidado parental suficientemente bueno. (AU)

Are Discrepancies Between Father and Adolescent Perceptions of Harsh Parenting and Conflict Associated with Adolescent Mental Health Symptoms?

Though differences in informant perceptions of family processes are associated with poorer health, few studies have examined discrepancies between father- and adolescent-report of family phenomena and their impact on adolescent mental health. This study examined how father and adolescent-reported parenting and the differences in their perceptions is related to adolescent mental health. Participants were 326 father-adolescent dyads (Fathers: Mage = 41.2; Adolescents: 7th grade students, Mage = 12.0, 48.5% female). Overall, analyses revealed significant main effects of father and/or adolescent report of father-adolescent conflict and harsh parenting on adolescent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Analyses revealed two instances in which discrepancies between father- and adolescent-report of family phenomena was related to adolescent mental health. Given the mixed nature of the findings based on the outcome reporter, the current study discusses implications for discrepancy research and future directions to better understand discrepant perceptions as useful information on their own. The parent clinical trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03125291, Registration date: 4/13/2017).

[Adolescence and identity peregrinations]. / Adolescence et pérégrinations identitaires.

When we work with children and teenagers, we are always open to their singular questions about their subjective foundations and their future. Questions of identity are increasingly present at the heart of our fast-paced modern world. Two clinical extracts from psychotherapies show that this quest for identity is dealt with on a case-by-case basis, while respecting each individual's temporality.

Longitudinal Relations among Identity Distinctiveness, Continuity, and Integration among Dutch Adolescents.

Identity distinctiveness, continuity, and coherence are all components of adolescents' identity development, but their longitudinal relations have rarely been examined. Data were analyzed on these three constructs collected over three years from 349 Dutch adolescents (Mage = 14.7, SDage = 0.7, 215 [61.6%] girls and 133 [38.1%] boys). A cross-lagged panel model of the three constructs showed that stability was relatively high for distinctiveness and continuity, whereas coherence was less stable. Distinctiveness and continuity were correlated positively within time, but cross-lagged associations were mostly not significant: Only distinctiveness and coherence negatively predicted each other across waves. Results suggest that distinctiveness, continuity, and coherence may be interrelated, but may not drive the development of each other.

Introduction to the Special Issue: Advancing Racial Justice in Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.

Relative to White youth, racially and ethnically marginalized youth in the U.S. are less likely to initiate treatment, stay in treatment, and receive adequate care. This special issue attends to racial injustice in clinical child and adolescent psychology. While numerous factors drive these racial disparities, this special issue focuses specifically on opportunities and responsibilities we have as mental health providers, teachers, mentors, researchers, and gatekeepers to make our field more racially just. In this introduction to the special issue, we review barriers and solutions across multiple contexts including structural, institutional, and practice-based. We also discuss challenges and opportunities to diversify our field and increase the representation of racially and ethnically marginalized practitioners and scholars in clinical child and adolescent psychology. We then briefly review the special issue articles and make final recommendations for how to move the field forward.

Dismantling Structural Racism in Child and Adolescent Psychology: A Call to Action to Transform Healthcare, Education, Child Welfare, and the Psychology Workforce to Effectively Promote BIPOC Youth Health and Development.

The field of clinical child and adolescent psychology is in critical need of transformation to effectively meet the mental health needs of marginalized and minoritized youth. As a field, we must acknowledge and grapple with the racist and colonial structures that support the scientific foundation, education and training of psychologists, and the service systems currently in place to support youth mental health in this country. We argue that to effectuate change toward a discipline that centers inclusivity, intersectionality, anti-racism, and social justice, there are four interrelated systems, structures, or processes that currently support racial inequity and would need to be thoroughly examined, dismantled, and re-imagined: (1) the experience of mental health problems and corresponding access to quality care; (2) the school-to-mental healthcare pathway; (3) the child welfare and carceral systems; and (4) the psychology workforce. A "call to action" is issued to address structural racism in these systems and recommendations are provided to guide clinicians, health care systems, educators, welfare and carceral systems, and those involved in training and retaining psychologists in the field in actions they can take to contribute to transformation. We assert that change will only occur when we individually and collectively take responsibility for the roles we have as agents for radical change within the personal and professional contexts in which we live and work. Only then will the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology be able to address the youth mental health crisis and effectively promote the health and well-being of all children.

Acerca de lo virtual y sus implicancias para la vida psíquica / About virtuality and its implications for psychic life / Au sujet du virtuel et de ses consequences pour la vie psychique / Sobre a virtualidade e suas implicações na vida psicológica

¿A qué llamamos lo virtual? En camino a su mejor definición nos encontramos con los nuevos desarrollos conceptuales sobre el tema que dan cuenta de la trascendencia antropológica y subjetiva que va teniendo y cobrando cada vez mayor relevancia. Así pues, distintos teóricos ponen de relieve los cambios que se van produciendo a nivel psicológico y social, de lo que cabe referirnos en particular a la constitución psíquica en niñes y adolescentes. Podemos pensar al psicoanálisis como al juego en tanto espacios virtuales posibilitadores de una elaboración y una recreación subjetivas AU

What do we call the virtual? On the path to its best definition, we encounter new conceptual developments on the subject that account for its anthropological and subjective transcendence, which is increasingly gaining relevance. Different theorists highlight the changes that are occurring at the psychological and social levels, particularly in relation to the psychic constitution of children and adolescents. We can think of psychoanalysis as a game, as virtual spaces that enable subjective elaboration and recreation AU

Qu'appelle-t-on le virtuel? En cheminant vers sa meilleure définition nous trouvons les nouveaux développements conceptuels sur le sujet, qui rendent compte de la transcendance anthropologique et subjective qui devient chaque jour plus importante.Ainsi, différents théoriciens mettent en relief les changements qui se produisent au niveau psychologique et social, et nous nous référons ici tout particulièrement à la constitution psychique des enfants et des adolescents.Nous pouvons penser la psychanalyse ainsi que le jeu comme des espaces virtuels qui rendent possible une élaboration et une re création subjectives AU

O que chamamos de virtualidade? Em direção à sua melhor definição nos encontramos com novos desenvolvimentos conceituais sobre o tema que abrange a transcendência antropológica e subjetiva que vai adquirindo cada vez mais relevância. Assim, diferentes teóricos colocam em destaque as mudanças que são produzidas a nível psicológico e social, do qual podemos nos referir particularmente a constituição psicológica em crianças e adolescentes. Podemos pensar al psicoanálisis como a o jogo en tanto espacios virtuales posibilitadores de una elaboración y un re creación subjetivas. Podemos pensar na psicanálise como um jogo nos diversos espaços virtuais possibilitando uma elaboração e uma recriação subjetiva AU

De lo no-velado a la capacidad de novelar. La virtualidad en la clínica con adolescentes durante la pandemia / From the unveiled to de capacity to novelize. Virtuality in clinic with adolecent during the pandemic / Du non voilé à la capacité de romancier. La clinique avec les adolescents pendant la pandémie / Do ñao-velar á capacidade de novelar. A clínica com adolescentes durante a pandemia

El presente artículo aborda las consecuencias psíquicas en los adolescentes, del aislamiento social obligatorio durante la pandemia de Covid19. Un acontecimiento social que dio lugar a procesos creativos y patológicos. La virtualidad como herramienta tecnológica ha transformado las formas del lazo social y de la subjetividad, pero también ha permitido sostener una continuidad en los dispositivos de salud y de educación. En el caso de los tratamientos se modificaron los encuadres dando lugar a nuevas formas de atención, con sus particularidades en el trabajo clínico con adolescentes AU

This article is about the psychological consequences in Atdolescents of mandatory social isolation during the Covid19 pandemic. A social event that gave rise to creative and pathological processes. Virtuality as a technological tool has transformed the forms of social bond and subjectivity, but it has also made it possible to sustain continuity in health and education devices. In the case of treatments, the frames were modified, giving rise to new forms of care, with their particularities in clinical work with adolescents AU

Cet article aborde les conséquences psychologiques chez les adolescents de l'isolement social obligatoire pendant la pandémie de Covid19. Un événement social qui a donné lieu à des processus créatifs et pathologiques. Levirtualité comme outil technologique a transformé les formes de lien social et de subjectivité, mais elle a aussi permis de pérenniser les dispositifs de santé et d'éducation. Dans le cas des traitements, les cadres ont été modifiés, donnant lieu à de nouvelles formes de soins, avec leurs particularités dans le travail clinique avec les adolescents AU

Este artigo aborda as consequências psicológicas em adolescentes do isolamento social obrigatório durante a pandemia de Covid19. Um acontecimento social que deu origem a processos criativos e patológicos. A virtualidade como ferramenta tecnológica transformou as formas de vínculo social e subjetividade, mastambém possibilitou sustentar a continuidade dos dispositivos de saúde e educação. No caso dos tratamentos, os quadros foram modificados, dando origem a novas formas de cuidado, com suas particularidades no trabalho clínico com adolescentes AU

Adolescents' friendship quality and over-time development of well-being: The explanatory role of self-esteem.

INTRODUCTION: The mechanism underlying the positive longitudinal link between adolescents' friendship quality and their well-being is unclear. The present study was performed to investigate whether this longitudinal association between friendship quality and well-being was established via adolescents' global self-esteem, and to examine gender differences in these associations. METHODS: Online questionnaire data were collected in two waves (in Spring 2018 and Spring 2019) from 1298 Dutch adolescents aged 11-17 years (mean age 13.7 ± 1.1 years, 53.2% girls). RESULTS: Multigroup path analyses revealed a significant indirect effect between friendship quality and well-being over time via global self-esteem for girls. For boys, significant direct effects of friendship quality on global self-esteem and well-being were found, but no significant indirect effect. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that higher-quality friendships improve boys' global self-esteem and well-being directly, and that they affect girls' well-being indirectly and positively, by improving their global self-esteem. These results suggest that preventive and intervention-based strategies for the promotion of well-being during the developmental stage of adolescence should incorporate focus on friendships, global self-esteem, and gender specificities.

Diversifying Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: A Change Gonna Come.

OBJECTIVES: Workforce diversity is an ongoing challenge in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology. This article discusses individual, institutional, and nonspecific factors that contribute to a lack of diversity among clinical child and adolescent psychologists and offers suggestions to diversify and advance the field of clinical child and adolescent mental health. METHOD: Seventeen professors, licensed psychologists, faculty, and clinicians in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology answered questions about workforce diversity and who is permitted access to the field. No formal research was conducted. RESULTS: Individual factors included: racial discrimination and microaggressions, feelings of isolation, otherness, and not belonging. Institutional factors included: racism in academia, racial underrepresentation, ethnocentric and culturally-biased training, biased admissions selection processes, financial barriers, and lack of institutional commitment. Nonspecific factors were: values misalignment, hidden expectations, suboptimal mentoring, and limited research opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: Drawing on recent scholarship and the Contexts, Actions, and Outcomes (CAO) Model, we recommend institutional changes in programs, policies, practices, resources, climate, partnerships, and inquiry to improve diversity in the field of clinical child and adolescent psychology.

Exploring Malaysian parents' and teachers' cultural conceptualization of adolescent social and emotional competencies: A qualitative formative study.

Introduction: Global implementation of social and emotional learning (SEL) has been suggested to incorporate a systematic cultural adaptation process which relies on ground-up empirical data of a target cultural group in tailoring a culturally sensitive SEL intervention. Preliminary formative studies among local parents and educators were done to explore the conceptualization of social and emotional competencies (SECs) in various cultural settings, such as the continent of Africa and among the indigenous and refugee groups. Unfortunately, little scholarship has been devoted to studying the SEL adaptation process in Southeast Asian regions. This formative study aimed to explore Malaysian parents' and teachers' cultural conceptualization of adolescent SECs. Methods: This qualitative study interviewed 12 Malaysian parents and 10 Malaysian teachers comprising of Malay (82%), Chinese (9%) and Indian (9%) races in an online focus group discussion. Sampling is purposive to parents of adolescents and teachers at secondary school only. Data were analyzed thematically to determine the culturally sensitive SEL constructs for Malaysian adolescents. Results: All themes and sub-themes of SEC regarded as crucial for Malaysian adolescents are aligned with CASEL's five domains of competencies. Our findings extended the conceptualization of subskills under CASEL's relationship skills and responsible decision-making domains, which reflect Asian cultural values. The main themes of social competency: (a) preserving interpersonal relationships, (b) utilizing intrapersonal skills, and (c) communicating effectively, are shared with the established CASEL constructs. However, the underlying subthemes denote the unique cultural manifestation of social competency in Malaysia. Two of the emotional competency themes represent the established CASEL constructs: (a) practicing self-regulation, (b) demonstrating help-seeking behavior, and the other two themes signify Asian values: (c) upholding altruism, and (d) maintaining cultural display rules. Discussions: This formative study revealed the habitual use of experiential and expressive suppressions as adaptive emotion regulation strategies in Malaysian collectivist culture and offered a potential alternative emotion regulation pathway suitable for Malaysian adolescents. It also informed the feasibility of implementing SEL modules developed based on the CASEL framework in Malaysia and suggested two key lessons to enhance the cultural sensitivity of SEL in Malaysia: effective, respectful communication and expressive writing.

Trajectories of cortical structures associated with stress across adolescence: a bivariate latent change score approach.

BACKGROUND: Stress exposure in childhood and adolescence has been linked to reductions in cortical structures and cognitive functioning. However, to date, most of these studies have been cross-sectional, limiting the ability to make long-term inferences, given that most cortical structures continue to develop through adolescence. METHODS: Here, we used a subset of the IMAGEN population cohort sample (N = 502; assessment ages: 14, 19, and 22 years; mean age: 21.945 years; SD = 0.610) to understand longitudinally the long-term interrelations between stress, cortical development, and cognitive functioning. To these ends, we first used a latent change score model to examine four bivariate relations - assessing individual differences in change in the relations between adolescent stress exposure and volume, surface area, and cortical thickness of cortical structures, as well as cognitive outcomes. Second, we probed for indirect neurocognitive effects linking stress to cortical brain structures and cognitive functions using rich longitudinal mediation modeling. RESULTS: Latent change score modeling showed that greater baseline adolescence stress at age 14 predicted a small reduction in the right anterior cingulate volume (Std. ß = -.327, p = .042, 95% CI [-0.643, -0.012]) and right anterior cingulate surface area (Std. ß = -.274, p = .038, 95% CI [-0.533, -0.015]) across ages 14-22. These effects were very modest in nature and became nonsignificant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Our longitudinal analyses found no evidence of indirect effects in the two neurocognitive pathways linking adolescent stress to brain and cognitive outcomes. CONCLUSION: Findings shed light on the impact of stress on brain reductions, particularly in the prefrontal cortex that have consistently been implicated in the previous cross-sectional studies. However, the magnitude of effects observed in our study is smaller than that has been reported in past cross-sectional work. This suggests that the potential impact of stress during adolescence on brain structures may likely be more modest than previously noted.

Associations Between Adolescents' Antisocial Behavior, Conflict Management Styles, and Romantic Relationship Breakup: An Observational Study.

Adolescents' antisocial behavior and negative conflict management styles are each associated with adverse romantic relationship outcomes, yet little research exists on their associations. We investigated whether adolescents' antisocial behavior was associated with conflict management styles, and whether it predicted breakup 3 months later. In total, 91 adolescent couples (Mage = 16.43, SD = 0.99; 41.2% Hispanic/Latinx) participated in videotaped conflict discussions coded for negotiation, coercion, and avoidance. Actor-partner interdependence models suggest adolescents' antisocial behavior is associated with decreased use of negotiation (couple pattern) and increased use of coercion (actor pattern). No significant associations were found for avoidance. Neither antisocial behavior nor conflict management styles predicted breakup. Findings are discussed in light of the unique developmental importance of adolescents' romantic relationships.

The complex story of educational identity in adolescence: Longitudinal relations with academic achievement and perfectionism.

OBJECTIVE: Education has a strong impact on adolescent development. This study investigated the complex longitudinal associations between educational identity processes, academic achievement, and perfectionism. METHOD: The study used a 4-wave design (N = 744 adolescents, Mage = 15.2 years, 55% girls). RESULTS: Results showed that self-oriented perfectionism mediated the longitudinal relation between academic achievement and educational commitment, whereas educational commitment mediated the longitudinal relation between self-oriented perfectionism and academic achievement. Also, a unidirectional positive direct link from educational in-depth exploration to socially prescribed perfectionism was found, while self-oriented perfectionism mediated the positive relationship between academic achievement and exploration. Finally, higher academic achievement led to decreases in educational reconsideration of commitment, whereas socially prescribed perfectionism predicted increases in educational reconsideration of commitment and decreases in academic achievement. CONCLUSIONS: These findings bring forward the intricate and possibly sabotaging links between educational identity processes, academic achievement, and perfectionism.

The social gradient in adolescent mental health: mediated or moderated by belief in a just world?

PURPOSE: A social gradient in adolescent mental health exists: adolescents with higher socioeconomic status (SES) have fewer mental health problems than their peers with lower SES. Little is known about whether adolescents' societal beliefs play a role in this social gradient. Belief in a just world (BJW) may be a mediator or moderator of the social gradient in adolescent mental health. METHODS: Using data from 848 adolescents (Mage = 17) in the Netherlands, path analyses examined whether two indicators of BJW (general and personal) mediated or moderated the associations between two indicators of SES (family affluence and perceived family wealth), and four indicators of adolescent mental health problems (emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, and peer problems). RESULTS: Adolescents with lower family affluence and lower perceived family wealth reported more emotional symptoms, and the association between perceived family wealth and emotional symptoms was mediated by lower personal and general BJW. Furthermore, higher personal BJW amplified the negative association between SES and peer problems. CONCLUSION: This study suggests BJW may both mediate and amplify the social gradient in adolescent mental health. Adolescents' beliefs about society may be important to include in research aimed at understanding this social gradient.